Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 11

The bushes stirred again. Maggie's searching fingers found only acorns and licorice fern, so she made a fist instead, sliding out from underneath Cady and holding herself ready. A form emerged from the underbrush. Maggiestared so hard she saw gray dots but she couldn'ttell anything about it. There was a long, tense moment, and then a voice came to her. â€Å"I told you you'd never make it.† Maggie almost fainted with relief. At the same moment the moon came out frombehind a cloud. It shone down into the clearingand over the slender figure standing with a hand on one hip. The pale silvery light turned red hairalmost black, but the angular face and narrowed skeptical eyes were unmistakable. Not to mention the sour expression. Maggieletout along, shuddering breath. â€Å"Jeanne!† â€Å"You didn't get very far, did you? The road's justover there. What happened? Did she drop deadon you?† It wasamazinghow good that irritable, acerbicvoice sounded to Maggie. She laughed shakily. â€Å"No, Cady's not dead. Bern's dead-you know, the bigslave trader guy. But – â€Å" â€Å"You're joking.† Jeanne's voice sharpened with respect and she moved forward. `†You killed hunt' â€Å"No. It waslook, I'll explain later. First, can youhelp me get her to somewhere more protected? It's really getting freezing out here, and she's completely out.† Jeanne leaned down, looking at Arcadia. â€Å"I toldyou before I wasn't going to help you if you gotin trouble.† â€Å"I know,† Maggie said. â€Å"Can you sort of pick herup from that side? If we both get an arm under her shouldersshemight be able to walk a little.† . `Bull,† Jeanne said shortly. â€Å"We'd better chaircarry her. Link hands and we can get her up.† Maggie clasped a cold, slender hand with calluses and a surprisingly firm grip. She heavedweight, and then they were carrying the unconscious girl. â€Å"You're strong,† she grunted. â€Å"Yeah, well, that's one of the side benefits ofbeing a slave. The road's this way.† It was awkward, slow work, but Maggie wasstrong, too, and Jeanne seemed to be able to guide them around the worst of the underbrush. And it was so good just to be with another human being who was healthy and clear headed and didn't want to kill her, that Maggie felt almost lighthearted. â€Å"What aboutP.J.? Is she okay?† â€Å"She's fine. She's in a place I know-it's notmuch, but it's shelter. That's where we're going.† â€Å"You took care of her,† Maggie said. She shook her head in the darkness and laughed. â€Å"What are you snickering about?† Jeanne paused and they spent a few minutes maneuvering arounda fallen log covered with spongy moss. â€Å"Nothing,† Maggie said. â€Å"It's justyou're prettynice, aren't you? Underneath.† â€Å"I look out for myself first. That's the rule aroundhere. And don't you forget it,† Jeanne said in a threatening mutter. Then she cursed as her foot sank into a swampy bit of ground. â€Å"Okay,† Maggie said. But she could still feel awry and wondering smile tugging up the corner ofher mouth. Neither of them had much breath for talkingafter that. Maggie was in a sort of daze of tirednessthat wasn't completely unpleasant. Her mindwandered. Delos†¦she had never met anyone so confus ing. Her entire body reacted just at the thought ofhim, with frustration and anger and a longing that she didn't understand. It was a physical pang. But then everything was so confusing. Things had happened so fast since last night that she'd neverhad time to get her mental balance. Delos and the incredible thing that had happened between themwas only one part of the whole mess. He said he'd killed Miles†¦. But that couldn't be true. Miles couldn't be dead.And Delos wasn't capable of anything like that†¦.Was he? She found that she didn't want to think aboutthat. It was like a huge dark cloud that she didn'twant to enter. Wherever Jeanne was taking her, it was a long,cold trek. And a painful one. After about fifteenminutes Maggie's arms began to feelasif they werebeing pulled out of the sockets, and a hot spot of pain flared at the back of her neck. Her sweat wasclammy running down her back and her feetwere numb. But she wouldn't give up, and Jeanne didn't either. Somehow they kept going. They had traveledfor maybe about forty-five minutes, with breaks,when Jeanne said, â€Å"Here it is.† A clearing opened in front of them, and moonlight shone on a crude little shack made of weathered wood. It leaned dangerously to one side andseveral boards were missing, but it had a ceilingand walls. It was shelter. To Maggie, it looked beautiful. â€Å"Runaway slaves built it,† Jeanne said breathlesslyas they took the last few steps to the cabin. â€Å"The Night People hunted them down, of course, but they didn't find this place. All the slaves at the castle know about it.† Then she called in a slightlylouder tone, â€Å"It's me! Open the door!† A long pause, and then there was the sound of awooden bolt sliding and the door opened. Maggiecould see the pale blob of a small face. P.J. Penob scot, with her red plaid baseballcap still on backwardand herslightbodytense,wasblinkingsleepy, frightened eyes. Then she focused and her face changed.†Maggie! You're okay!† She flung herself at Maggie like a small javelin. â€Å"Ow-hey!† Maggie swayed and Cady's limp bodydipped perilously. â€Å"I'm glad to see you, too,† Maggie said. To herown surprise, she found herself blinking back tears.†But I've got to put this girl down or I'm going todrop her.† â€Å"Back here,† Jeanne said. The back of the cabinwas piled with straw. She and Maggie eased Arcadia down onto it and then P.J. hugged Maggie again. â€Å"You got us out. We got away,† P.J. said, hersharp little chin digging into Maggie's shoulder. Maggie squeezed her. â€Å"Wellwe all got us out,and Jeanne helped get you away. But I'm glad everybody made it.† â€Å"Is she†¦all right?† P.J. pulled back and lookeddown at Arcadia. â€Å"I don't know.† Cady's forehead felt hot underMaggie's hand, and her breathing was regular butwith a rough, wheezy undertone Maggie didn'tlike. â€Å"Here's a cover,† Jeanne said, dragging up a pieceof heavy, incredibly coarse material. It seemed asbig as a sail and so rigid it hardly sagged or folded.†If we all get under it, we can keep warm.† They put Cady in the middle, Maggie and P.J. onone side of her and Jeanne on the other. The cover was more than big enough to spread over them. And the hay smelled nice. It was prickly, butMaggie's long sleeves and jeans protected her. There was a strange comfort in P.J.'s slight bodycuddled up next to herlike a kitten, Maggiethought. And it was so blessedly good to not bemoving, to not be carrying anyone, but just to sit still and relax her sore muscles. â€Å"There was a little food stashed here,† Jeannesaid, digging under the hay and pulling out a smallpacket. â€Å"Dried meat strips and oatcakes with salalberries. We'd better save some for tomorrow,though.† Maggie tore into the dried meat hungrily. Itdidn't taste like beef jerky; it was tougher and gam ier, but right at the moment it seemed delicious.She tried to get Cady to eat some, but it was nouse. Cady just turned her head away. She and Jeanne and P.J. finished the meal offwith a drink of water, and then they lay back onthe bed of hay. Maggie felt almost happy. The gnawing in her stomach was gone, her muscles were loosening up,and she could feel a warm heavinesssettlingoverher. â€Å"You were going†¦ to tell me about Bern †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Jeanne said from the other side of Cady. The wordstrailed off into a giant yawn. â€Å"Yeah.† Maggie's brain was fuzzy and her eyeswouldn't stay open. â€Å"Tomorrow †¦Ã¢â‚¬  And then, lying on a pile of hay in a tiny shack ina strange kingdom, with three girls who had been strangers to her before this afternoon and who nowseemed a little like sisters, she was fast asleep. Maggie woke up with her nose cold and her feettoo hot. Pale light was coming in all the cracks inthe boards of the cabin. For one instant she stared at the rough weathered-silver boards and the hayon the floor and wondered where she was. Thenshe remembered everything. â€Å"Cady.† She sat up and looked at the girl beside her. Cady didn't look well. Her face had the waxyinner glow of somebody with a fever, and there were little tendrils of dark hair curled damply onher forehead. But at Maggie's voice her eyelashes fluttered, then her eyes opened. â€Å"Maggie?† â€Å"How are you feeling? Want some water?† Shehelped Cady drink from the leather bag. â€Å"I'm all right. Thanks to you, I think. Youbrought me here, didn't you?† Cady's face turnedas if she were looking around the room with herwide, unfocused eyes. She spoke in short sentences, as if she were conserving her strength, but hervoice was more gentle than weak. â€Å"And Jeanne, too.Thank you both.† She must have heard us talkinglast night, Maggie thought. Jeanne was sitting up, straw in her red hair, her green eyes narrow and alert instantly. P.J.was stirring and making grumpy noises. â€Å"Morning,† Maggie said. â€Å"Is everybody okay?' â€Å"Yeah,† P.J. said in a small, husky voice. Therewas a loud rumble from her stomach. â€Å"I guess I'mstill a little hungry,† she admitted. â€Å"There're a couple oatcakes left,† Jeanne said.†And one strip of meat. We might as well finishit off.† They made Cady eat the meat, although she triedto refuse it. Then they divided the oatcakes solemnly into four parts and ate them, chewing dog gedly on dry, flaky mouthfuls. â€Å"We're going to need more water, too,† Maggiesaid, after they'd each had a drink. The leather bagwas almost empty. â€Å"But I think the first thing is tofigure out what we're going to do now. What our plan is.† â€Å"The first thing,† Jeanne said, â€Å"is to tell us whathappened to Bern.† â€Å"Oh.†Maggie blinked, but she could see whyJeanne would want to know. â€Å"Well, he's definitely dead.† She sketched in what had happened aftershe and Cady had started running through thewoods. How Gavin and Bern had chased them andhad finally driven them into a corner on the boulder pile.How Bern hadclimbedup andchanged†¦ â€Å"He was a shapeshifter, you know,† she said. Jeanne nodded, unsurprised. â€Å"Bern means bear.They usually have names that mean what they are.But you're saying you tried to fight thatguy off with a stick? You're dumber than I thought.† Still,her green eyes were gleaming with something likewry admiration, and P.J. was listening with awe. â€Å"And then-there was this lightning,† Maggiesaid. â€Å"And it killed Bern and Gavin ran away.† Sherealized, even asshe said it, that she didn't wantto tell everything that had happened with Delos.She didn't think Jeanne would understand. So she left out the way their minds had linked when theytouched, and the way she'd seen his memories-and the fact that she'd dreamed about him beforeever coming to this valley. â€Å"Then I filled the water bag and we heard Sylviacoming and he went out to make sure she didn'tfind me or Cady,† she finished. She realized thatthey were all staring at her. Cady's facewasthoughtful and serene as always, P.J. was scaredbut interested in the story-but Jeanne was rivetedwith disbelief and horror. â€Å"You're saying Prince Delossaved your life? Withthe blue fire? You're saying he didn't turn you overto the hunting party?† She said it as if she were talking about Dracula. â€Å"It's the truth.† Good thing I didn't tell her aboutthe kiss, Maggie thought. â€Å"It's impossible. Delos hates everybody. He's themost dangerous of all of them.† â€Å"Yeah, that's what he kept telling me.† Maggieshook her head. The way Jeanne was looking at hermade her uncomfortable,as if she were defendingsomeone unredeemably evil. â€Å"He also said at one point that he killed my brother,† she said slowly.†But I didn't know whether to believeit†¦.† â€Å"Believe it.† Jeanne's nostrils were flared and herlip curledasif she were looking at something disgusting. â€Å"He's the head of this whole place and everything that goes on here. There's nothing hewouldn't do. I can't believe he let you go.† She considered for a moment, then said grimly, â€Å"Unless he's got something special in mind. Letting you go and then hunting you down later. It's the kind ofthing he'd enjoy.† Maggie had a strange feeling of void in her stomach that had nothing to do with hunger. She triedto speak calmly. â€Å"I don't think so. I think-he justdidn't care if I got away.† â€Å"You're fooling yourself. You don't understandabout these people because you haven't been here. None of youhave been here.† Jeanne looked at P.J.,who was watching with wide blue ‘eyes, and atCady, who was listening silently, her head slightlybowed. â€Å"The Night People are monsters.And theones here in the Dark Kingdom are the worst of all. Some of them have been alive for hundreds of years-some of them were here when Delos'sgrandfather founded the place. They've been holedup in this valley all that time †¦ and allthey do ishunt.It's their only sport. It's all they care about. It's all they do.† Maggie's skin was prickling. Part of her didn'twant to pursue this subject any further. But she had to know. â€Å"Last night I noticed something weird,† she said.†I was standing outside and listening, but I couldn'thear any animal sounds anywhere. None at all.† â€Å"They've wiped them out. Alltheanimalsin the wild are gone.† P.J.'s thin little hand clutched at Maggie's armnervously. ‘But then what do they hunt?† â€Å"Animals they breed and release. I've been a slavehere for three years, and at first I only saw them breeding local animaLs-cougars and black bears wolverines and stuff. But in the last couple ofyears they've started bringing in exotics. Leopardstigers and things.† Maggie let out her breath and patted P.J.'s hand.`But not humans.† â€Å"Don't make me laugh. Of course humans-butonly when they can get an excuse. The laws say the vampires can't hunt slaves to death because they'retoo precious-pretty soon the food supply wouldbe gone. But if slaves get loose, they at least get to hunt them down and bring them back to the castle. And if a slave has to be executed, they do a death hunt.† â€Å"I see.† The void in Maggie's stomach had become a yawning chasm. â€Å"But-2†² â€Å"If he let you go, it was so he could come backand hunt you,† Jeanne said flatly. â€Å"I'm telling you,he's bad. It was three years ago that the old kingdied and Delos took over, okay? And it was threeyears ago that they started bringing new slaves in.Not just grabbing people off the mountain if theygot too close, but actuallygoing down and kidnapping girls off the streets. That's why I'm here.That'swhy P.J.'s here.† Beside Maggie, P.J. shivered. Maggie put an armaround her and felt the slight body shaking againsthers. She gulped, her other hand clenching into afist. â€Å"Hey, kiddo. You've been really brave so far, sojust hang on, okay? Things are going to work out.† She could feel Jeanne's sarcastic eyes on herfrom beyond Cady, daring her to explain exactly howthings were going to work out. She ignoredthem. â€Å"Was it the same for you, Cady?† she asked. Shewas glad to get off the subject of Delos, and shewas remembering the strange thing Cady had saidlast night. I was coming here for a reason†¦. â€Å"No. They got me on the mountain.† But the wayCady spoke alarmed Maggie. It was slowly and with obvious effort, the voice of someone who had touse all their strength just to concentrate. Maggie forgot all about Delos and the slave tradeand put a hand to Cady's forehead. â€Å"Oh, God,† she said. â€Å"You're burning up. You're totally on fire.† Cady blinked slowly. â€Å"Yes-it's the poison,† shesaid in a foggy voice. â€Å"They injected me with something when they caught me-but I had a bad reaction to it. My system can't take it.† Adrenaline flicked through Maggie. â€Å"And you'regetting worse.† When Cady nodded reluctantly, shesaid, â€Å"Right. Then there's no choice. We have to getto the castle because that's where the healingwomen are, right? If anybody can help, they can, right?† â€Å"Wait a minute,† Jeanne said. â€Å"We can't go downto the castle. We'd be walking right into their arms.And we can't get out of the valley. I found the passbefore, but that was by accident. I couldn't find itagain â€Å"I could,† Maggie said. When Jeanne stared at her, she said, â€Å"Never mind how. I just can. But going that way means climbing down a mountainon the other side and Cady can't make it. And I don't think she'll make it if we leave her alone hereand go look for help.† Jeanne's narrow green eyes were on her again,and Maggie knew what they were saying. So we'vegot to give up on her. It's the only thing thatmakessense. But Maggie bulldozed on in determination. â€Å"Youcan take P.J. to thepass-I can tellyou howto get there-and Ill take Cady to the castle. How about that? If you can tell me how to get to it.† â€Å"Itstinks,†Jeanne said flatly. â€Å"Even if you make it to the castle with her hanging on you, you won'tknow how to get in. And if you doget in, you'll be committing suicide-â€Å" She broke off, and everyone started. For an instant Maggie didn't understand why-all she knewwas that she had a sudden feeling of alarm andalertness. Then she realized that Cady had turnedsuddenly toward the door. It was the quick, instinctive gesture of a cat who has heard something dangerous, and it triggered fear in the girls who werelearning to live by their own instincts. And now that Maggie sat frozen, she could hearit, too, faraway but distinct. The sound of peoplecalling, yelling back and forth. And another sound, one that she'd only heard in movies, but that sherecognized instantly. Hounds baying. â€Å"It's them,† Jeanne whispered into the dead silence of the shack. â€Å"I told you. They're hunting us.† â€Å"With dogs?†Maggie said, shock tingling throughher body. â€Å"It's all over,† Jeanne said. â€Å"We're dead.†

A Review Of Electro Magnet Therapy Health Essay

Loss of articular gristle, induration and eburnation of sub-chondral bone, osteophytes and sub-chondral cysts ( Keuttner and Goldberg 1995 ) . Osteoarthritis ( OA ) is the most common upset of the musculoskeletal system and is a effect of mechanical and biological events that destabilize tissue homeostasis in articular articulations. Osteoarthritis ( OA ) is presently defined by the American College of Rheumatology as a â€Å"heterogeneous group of conditions that leads to joint symptoms and marks which are associated with faulty unity of articular gristle, in add-on to related alterations in the underlying bone at the joint margins.† The etiology of OA is multi factorial, with inflammatory, metabolic, and mechanical causes. A figure of environmental hazard factors, such as fleshiness, business, and injuries, may originate assorted pathological tracts. OA indicates the devolution of articular gristle together with alterations in sub-chondral bone and mild intra-articular redness. Osteoarthritis ( OA ) has a really high prevalence among middle-aged and aged people and the disease is responsible for significant direct and indirect socioeconomic costs and the intervention options are few and unsatisfactory. The chief intervention aims are to command hurting adequately, better map, and cut down disablement. Acetaminophen is often used for diagnostic OA with mild to chair hurting. Non-steroidal anti, or manual therapy. The value of intercessions aimed at bettering map and maximising independency ( occupational therapy, walking AIDSs, and workplace version ) is besides ill-defined. The disease class and patient ‘s demands frequently change over clip, therefore necessitating a periodic reappraisal and readjustment of therapy instead than the stiff continuance of a individual intervention. The articulatio genus is one of the most normally affected articulations and patients present with a combination of hurting, malformation, redness, stiffness and musculus wasting. The essay reviews the electro magnetic therapy for handling articulatio genus degenerative arthritis, analysing the underlying rule of what it is and how it works. The research literature on the topic has been exhaustively reviewed to pull a meaningful decision about the effectivity of the method.Electro Magnetic TherapyElectro magnetic therapy is a signifier of alternate medical specialty in which the disease is treated by using electro magnetic energy to the organic structure. Electro magnetic therapy is found to be successful in handling assorted signifiers of physical hurting. The assorted electro magnetic devices, including magnets are used worldwide to laminate hurting, to mend broken castanetss, to alleviate many signifiers of emphasis, and to alleviate symptoms affecting the skeleton and the articul ations of the organic structure. The human organic structure produces really elusive electro magnetic Fieldss, which have been generated in the organic structure through chemical reaction within cells and ionic currents go throughing through the nervous system. In recent old ages scientists have been detecting more and more ways that electro magnetic Fieldss act upon the organic structure ‘s working both in a positive every bit good as a negative mode. These observations and other has led to the development of electro magnetic therapy. Osteoarthritis, which is besides known as Degenerative Arthritis, is one of the most common types of arthritis. It involves the devolution of the gristle located in the articulations. Osteoarthritis occurs due to loss of gristle and electro magnetic therapy is believed to excite gristle growing. This has led to the usage of electro magnetic therapy in handling articulatio genus degenerative arthritis. Critical ReviewSome research workers reported the successful direction of degenerative arthritis through controlled chondrocyte decease and programmed cell death, use of response to anabolic and katabolic stimulations and matrix synthesis or debasement and redness ( Fini et al. , 2005 ) . This comes under possible chondroprotective intervention. This intervention is considered to be the better attack relativAlthough many drugs o to medicate intervention as the bulk of them relieve hurting and addition map, but do non modify the complex pathological procedures that occur in these tissues. Contrary to this pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( PEMFs ) surely show important physiological effects on cells and tissues by the upregulation of cistron look of members of the transforming growing factor beta ace household. This intervention besides has advantage over the traditional medical specialties as it increases glycosaminoglycan degrees, and an anti-inflammatory action. Hence there is a strong principle for the usage of electro magnetic therapy in intervention of degenerative arthritis as it involves the vivo usage of biophysical stimulation with PEMFs. Liu et al. , ( 1996 ) noticed the positive function of Pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( PEMF ) as they influence the extracellular matrix metamorphosis of a diverse scope of skeletal tissues. The positive consequence of PEMF on the composing and molecular construction of gristle proteoglycans was good established which can be considered as strong principle for this therapy. One thing was made clear that PEMF intervention would n't impact the DNA content of explants. However its function in stirred lift of glycosaminoglycan content in the explant and preservation of the tissue ‘s histological unity was good documented. Furthermore it was revealed that the PEMF intervention significantly suppressed both the debasement of preexistent glycosaminoglycans biosynthetically labeled in ovo and the synthesis of new [ 35S ] -sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Most noteworthy happening emerged out of this survey is that the exposure of embryologic biddy gristle explants to PEMF for 3 h/day maintained a balanced proteoglycan composing by down-regulating its turnover without impacting either molecular construction or map. Thamsborg et al. , ( 2005 ) besides investigated the effectivity of pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( PEMF ) in the intervention of degenerative arthritis ( OA ) of the articulatio genus. The accent was chiefly given to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical test and.the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities ( WOMAC ) questionnaire. It was revealed that a important betterment in ADL ( Activities of daily larning ) , stiffness and hurting was recorded with PEMF-treated groups. One of the weak points that emerged out of this survey is that the betterment witnessed with PMEF is non important with elderly people. The principle for this survey is that the patients & lt ; 65 old ages of age responded highly good to PMEF intervention in footings of reduced hurting caused by degenerative arthritis. No uncertainty, the positive function of electromagnetic therapy in hurting decrease is good established. The mechanism in which this hurting decrease occurs is as follows: Pain signals are transmitted along nerve cells to pre-synaptic terminuss. At these terminuss, channels in the cell alter due to a motion of ions. The membrane potency alterations, doing the release of a chemical sender from a synaptic cyst contained within the membrane. The hurting signal is chemically transferred across the synaptic spread to chemical receptors on the post-synaptic nervus cell. This all happens in about 1/2000th of a 2nd, as the synaptic spread is merely 20 to 50 nanometers broad. As the hurting signal, in chemical signifier, approaches the post-synaptic cell, the membrane alterations and the signal is transferred. If we look at the electromotive forces across the synaptic membrane so, under no hurting conditions, the degree is about -70 millivolt. When the hurting signal approaches the membrane potency additions to about +30 millivolt, it allows Na flow. This in bend triggers the synaptic cyst to let go of the chemical sender and so reassign the hurting signal across the synaptic spread or cleft. After the transmittal, the electromotive force reduces back to its normal quiescent degree until the following hurting signal arrives. The application of pulsed magnetic attraction to painful sites causes the membrane to be lowered to a hyper-polarization degree of about -90 millivolt. When a hurting signal is detected, the electromotive force must now be raised to a comparatively higher degree in order to fire the synaptic cysts. Since the mean alteration of potency required to make the trigger electromotive force of about +30 millivolt is +100 millivolt, the needed alteration is excessively great and merely +10 millivolt is attained. This electromotive force is by and large excessively low to do the synaptic cyst to let go of the chemical sender and therefore the hurting signal is blocked. The most effectual frequences that have been observed from research in order to do the above alterations to membrane potencies are a basal frequence of around 100Hz and pulse rate scenes of between 5 and 25Hz† .The RationaleLet us critically analyse the principle behind the efficaciousness and application of electro magnetic therapy in intervention of degenerative arthritis. The reappraisal of some most relevant research documents has been carried out to come to a valid decision. The function of electro magnetic therapy in cistron look ordinance was considered to be the chief principle ( Aaron et al. , 2004 ) . This cistron look happens in connective tissue cells for structural extracellular matrix ( ECM ) proteins ensuing in an addition in gristle and bone production. It was besides established that the electro magnetic therapy enhanced fix and a addition in mechanical belongingss of the mending tissues. The failing of the survey is that the biophysical interactions of electric and electromagnetic Fieldss at the cell membrane are non good understood and require considerable extra survey. It was besides noticed that the understanding physical interactions and transmembrane signaling will most probably be necessary to set up dosing paradigms and better curative efficaciousness. Most notably, considerable information has been generated on an intermediary mechanism of activity – growing factor stimulation. In short, electric and electromagnetic Fieldss increase cistron look for, and synthesis of, growing factors and this may work to magnify field effects through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Electric and electromagnetic Fieldss can bring forth a sustained upregulation of growing factors, which enhance, but do non disorganise endochondral bone formation. Another of import principle for utilizing electromagnetic therapy in intervention of degenerative arthritis is that it plays important function in chondrogenic distinction in endochondral ossification ( Coimbor et al. , 2002 ) . But it has to be applied in highly low frequence. The positive function of electro magnetic therapy was good established by the demineralized bone matrix ( DBM ) -induced endochondral ossification theoretical account. The electro magnetic therapy brought important alterations in [ 35S ] -Sulfate and [ 3H ] -thymidine incorporation and glycosaminoglycan ( GAG ) content. Bistolfi ( 2006 ) emphasized the importance of electro magnetic therapy in doing bioeffects at the bone and soft tissue degree, and at the cellular degree. It affects the operation of bone-forming cells, osteoclasts, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, nervus cells and endothelial and musculus cells. The strong principle behind the function of electro magnetic therapy lies in transduction phenomena happening in life affair. The chief drawback of this theory is that electromagnetic and mechanical signals are non ever interchangeable, depending on their several strength. One theory on efficaciousness of electromagnetic theory in cut downing the hurting caused due to osteoarthritis provinces that the elderly animate beings may non react good. However, it was proved incorrectly as some research probes conducted on Guinea hogs revealed that the pulsed electromagnetic field ( PEMF ) stimulation has a chondro protective consequence on degenerative arthritis ( OA ) patterned advance in the articulatio genus articulations of elderly guinea hogs. Even in the presence of terrible OA lesions PEMFs maintained a important efficaciousness in cut downing lesion patterned advance. Articular gristle is the joint construction most affected by osteo-arthritis. It is constituted by cells known as chondrocytes. These cells industry, secrete and keep the organic constituent of the extracellular compartment, or gristle matrix, composed of a dense collagen filament web enmeshed in aconcentrated solution of proteoglycans and H2O. They determine the biomechanical behavior of the tissue in response to dynamic burden ( Mow et al, 1989 ; Mow and Wang, 1999 ) . Their malfunction is frequently related to a lessening in proteoglycan concentration, in add-on to underlying bone harm, bone mortification, and bone remodelling, taking to break of the gristle collagen-proteoglycan matrix, and a decreasing ability of gristle and the environing joint tissues to absorb compressive emphasiss. A figure of carnal surveies have shown that when electric field is applied on articular gristle an addition in its proteoglycan content ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) can be found. This is indicated by an addition in its sulfate incorporation. The biological account for this result is non really clear, but may affect information transferred to the chondrocytes refering the nature of their mechanical environment and the province of the extracellular matrix which modifies written text and synthesis ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) . Alternately, pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss may interact with ligands on the chondrocyte cell surface membrane, and this interaction may take to alterations in internal Ca concentrations that trigger proteoglycan production ( Granziana et al, 1990 ; Lee et Al, 1993 ) . The Fieldss may besides increase chondrocyte synthesis of proteoglycans straight themselves ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) . This response, which may be cell specific may depend upon the electro physical parametric quantities of the applied pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss, including: amplitude, continuance and frequence, in add-on to the denseness of the cells themselves, and, intermittent exposure of gristle cells to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss may be superior to uninterrupted exposure. In footings of continuance, Brighton et Al ( 1984 ) found the incorporation of sulfate into artilage supermolecules was increased within five yearss of pulsed electro magnetic field application to chondrocyte cell civilizations and that this increased even further, after 12 yearss. Furthermore, the civilizations exposed to the electrical Fieldss retained 95 % of their newly formed proteoglycans compared to 70 % of those assayed in control civilizations ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) , therefore proposing katabolism was slower in the treated tissue civilizations. Similar findings have been reported by Smith and Nagel ( 1983 ) and although gristle collagen content tends to stay unchanged during exposure to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) , cartilage proteoglycan molecules that are synthesised in response to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss appear to be normal in size and composing. Pulsed electro magnetic field interventions might besides assist to continue extracellular matrix unity in early phases of degenerative arthritis, where inordinate proteoglycan is laid down, by down-regulating proteoglycan synthesis and debasement in aco-ordinated mode without impacting structural unity, and by increasing the proliferation of available chondrocytes, and their DNA man-made mechanisms. The mechanical and functional belongingss of articular gristle depend on the complex composing and organisation of its extracellular matrix ( ECM ) . The synthesis and debasement of ECM constituents is purely regulated by articular chondrocytes, which maintain gristle homeostasis in normal conditions. In pathological conditions, such as degenerative arthritis ( OA ) , changes in the normal functional activities of chondrocytes contribute to the instability in turnover of ECM constituents with debasement transcending synthesis ensuing in gradual harm of the articular gristle. The articular gristle metamorphosis is controlled by insulin like growing factors which can be modulated by electro magnetic forces. Clinical and carnal surveies show the possibility that exposure to electro magnetic force can hold a positive consequence on intervention of degenerative arthritis. Surveies indicate that PEMF can forestall gristle devolution through an adenosine receptor agonist consequence that can command locally the inflammatory processes that are ever associated with OA patterned advance. Evidence for enhanced cell distinction and extracellular matrix synthesis due to PEMF has been proved by a survey published in the diary of orthopedic research ( 2002 ) . An of import determination of this research was that, Proteoglycans ( PG ) are synthesized earlier and to a greater grade in EMF-exposed bonelets. The grounds for enhanced ripening in the open bonelets is farther supported by a temporal acceleration and quantitative addition in the look of messenger RNA for aggrecan and type II collagen compared to command bonelets on yearss 6 and 8 of development. Accelerated ripening of cartilagematrix by EMF is besides observed morphologically and biochemically. Earlier chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix calcification are apparent. Jointly, these informations suggest that chondrogenic distinction occurs earlier, and that gristle extracellular matrix is synthesized to a greater grade and matures faster in response to EMF exposure. The consequence suggests the occuring of chondrogenic distinction and that, the exposure of assorted constellations of electro magnetic Fieldss can assist mend degenerative arthritis.DecisionOverall, the electro magnetic therapy has helped in clinical intervention of degenerative arthritis by pull stringsing cistron look in fix tissues, positive consequence on gristle growing and several other bio-chemical alterations at cellular degree in life cells. Its consequence was found to be important even in elderly patients. However, the effects of magnetic Fieldss on organic structure tissues are complex and look to change from tissue to weave and from different strengths and continuance of the magnetic field applied. Much work demands to be done to optimise such variables as signal constellation and continuance of intervention before throbing electro magnetic field therapy can be by and large recommended. Several research probes though confirmed the high quality of electromagnetic therapy, its extent of positive function on articulatio genus osteo arthritis has to be farther studied before pulling valid decisions ( Hulme et al. , 2002 ) . MentionsAaron, R K and Ciombor, D McK ( 1993 ) . ‘Therapeutic effects of electro magnetic Fieldss in the stimulation of connective tissue fix ‘ , Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 52, 42-46. Aaron, R.K. , Boyan, B.D. , Ciombor, D.M. , Schwartz, Z. and Simon, B.J. ( 2004 ) . Stimulation of growing factor synthesis by electric and electromagnetic Fieldss. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 410: 30-7. Altman R, Alarcon G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, & A ; Brandt K, ( 1991 ) . ‘The American College of Rheumatology standards for the categorization and coverage of degenerative arthritis of the hip ‘ . Arthritis Rheum Vol. 34 pp 505-14. Barbero A, Grogan S, Schafer D, Heberer M, MainilVarlet P, Martin I. ( 2004 ) . Age related alterations in human articular chondrocyte output, proliferationand post-expansion chondrogenic capacity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage.12:476-84. Bistolfi, F. ( 2006 ) . Evidence of interlinks between bioelectromagnetics and biomechanics: from biophysics to medical natural philosophies. Phys Med. 22 ( 3 ) :71-95. Brighton, C T, Unger, A S and Stanbough, J L ( 1984 ) . ‘In vitro growing of bovine articular gristle chondrocytes in assorted capacitively conjugate electrical Fieldss ‘ , Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 1, 15-22. Ciombor DM, Aaron RK, Wang S, Simon B. ( 2003 ) . Alteration of degenerative arthritis by pulsed electromagnetic field.A morphological survey. Osteoarthritis Cartilage ; 11 ( 6 ) :455e62. Coimbor, D.M. , Lester, G. , Aaron, R.K. , Neame, P. and Caterson, B. 2002. Low frequence EMF regulates chondrocyte distinction and look of matrix proteins. J.Orthop Res. 20 ( 1 ) :40-50. Diniz P, Soejima K. and Ito G. ( 2002 ) . Nitric oxide mediates the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on the osteoblast proliferation and distinction. Nitric Oxide. 7 ( 1 ) :18e23. Fini, M. , Giavaresi, G. , Carpi, A. , Nicolini, A. , Setti, S. and Giardino, R. ( 2005 ) . Effectss of pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss on articular hyaline gristle: reappraisal of experimental and clinical surveies. Biomed pharmacother. 59 ( 7 ) :388-94. Fini, M. , Torricelli, P. , Giavaresi, G. , Aldini, N.N. , Cavani, F. , Setti, S. , Nicolini, A. , Carpi, A. and Giardino, R. ( 2007 ) . Consequence of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on articulatio genus gristle, subchondral and epyphiseal trabeculate bone of elderly Dunkin Hartley guinea hogs. Biomed Pharmacother. E publication. April issue. Graziana, A, Ranjeva, R and Teissie, J ( 1990 ) . ‘External electric Fieldss stimulate the electrogenic calcium/sodium exchange in works energids ‘ , Biochemistry, 29, 8313-18. Hulme, J. , Robinson, V. , DeBie, R. , Wells, G. , Judd, M. and Tugwell, P. 2002. Electromagnetic Fieldss for the intervention of degenerative arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1: CD003523. Keuttner KE & A ; Goldberg V ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1995 ) . Osteoarthritic upsets, Academy of orthopaedic sawboness: Rosemont, II pp 21-5 LIU, H. , ABBOTT, J. and THE LATE BEE, J.A. ( 1996 ) . Pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss influence hyaline gristle extracellular matrix composing without impacting molecular construction. Osteoarthritis gristle. 4 ( 1 ) : 63-76. Mow, V C, Proctor, C S and Kelly, M C ( 1989 ) . ‘Biomechanics of articular gristle ‘ , in Nordin, M and Frankel, V H ( explosive detection systems ) Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, Lea and Febiger, New York, pages 31-57. Mow, V C and Wang, C C ( 1999 ) . ‘Some biotechnology considerations for tissue technology of articular gristle ‘ , Clinical Orthopedicss and Related Research, 367S, S204-S223. Olyaee Manesh A, Flemming K, Cullum NA, Ravaghi H. ( 2006 ) . Electro magnetic therapy for handling force per unit area ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. The Cochrane Collaboration. 19 April, 2006. Pipitone N & A ; Scott D. L. ( 2001 ) . ‘Magnetic Pulse Treatment for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study ‘ Current Medical Research and Opinion, Vol 17, No 3, pp. 190-196 ( 7 ) Sadlonova J. and Korpas J. ( 1999 ) . Personal experience in the usage of magnetotherapy in diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Bratisl Lek Listy.100 ( 12 ) :678e81. Smith, R L and Nagel, D A ( 1983 ) . ‘Effects of pulsating electromagnetic Fieldss on bone growing and articular gristle ‘ , Clinical Orthopedicss and Related Research, 181, 277-282. G. Thamsborg M.D.y, A. Florescu M.D.y, P. Oturai M.D.z, E. Fallentin M.D.x, K. Tritsaris Ph.D.k and S. Dissing Dr.Sci.k. ( 2005 ) . Treatment of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis with pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Osteoarthritis gristle. 13 ( 7 ) : 575-581. Trock DH, Bollet AJ, Markoll R. ( 1994 ) . The consequence of pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss in the intervention of degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus and cervical spinal column. Report of randomized, dual blind, placebo controlled tests. J Rheumatol 21 ( 10 ) :1903e11. Trock, D.H, Bollet, A.J & A ; Markill R. ( 1994 ) . ‘The consequence of pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss in the intervention of degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus and cervical spinal column. Report of randomized, dual blind, placebo controlled tests ‘ . J Rheumatol vol: 21 No 10 pp 1903-11 Trock, D.H. ( 1993 ) . ‘A double-blind test of the clinical effects of pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss in degenerative arthritis ‘ . J Rheumatol vol:20 No.3 pp456-460. Trock.D. ( 2000 ) . ‘Investigational Treatment for Musculoskeletal Disorders ‘ . Electro magnetic Fieldss and Magnets vol:26 No 1 pp 51-62 Zizic T.M, Hoffman K.C, Holt P.A, Hungerford D.S, O'Dell J.R, Jacobs M.A. ( 1995 ) . The intervention of degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus with pulsed electrical stimulation. J Rheumatol. 22 ( 9 ) :1757e61.

A Way Of Thinking By Entrepreneurs Business Essay

A Way Of Thinking By Entrepreneurs Business Essay Successful companies are driven by visionary people in an effective and efficient way, those people are called entrepreneurs. The Oxford Dictionary provides the entrepreneur concept as â€Å"a person who undertakes an enterprise or business with probability of gain or loss, a contractor who acts as an intermediary, a person who assumes effective control of a business venture. It comes from the French word Entreprende or undertake†. Glancey and Mc Quaid (2000) define them as the protagonists of the process of entrepreneurship The entrepreneur is a leader, who sees opportunities where others see nothing, or only see difficulties. The entrepreneur makes a commitment that leads him to develop an unknown practice to solve a variance in small or large scale, A Entrepreneur will achieve recognition by pleading responsible to solve the problem and meet people who have similar interests. One aspect that should be present in an entrepreneur is: Believe in their own abilities, knowledge and skills, evaluate them, and be consistent with them at all times, these aspects provide confidence in themselves and in what the entrepreneur exposes as business idea These definitions are pointing to the entrepreneur as a person who seeks a reward assuming some risk (potential loss). Basically, the entrepreneur senses a need and then meets of the manpower, materials and capital needed to meet that need. In essence, an entrepreneur creates an organization as a means to offer something new to customers, employees or other stakeholders. Some entrepreneurs use information available to everyone, to produce something new. According to Timmons (1970) the creation and success of a company is not only necessary to administer and manage. The current business generation needs to be led, so organizations need to rethink their culture and practices. Direct them to seek dynamic processes, aimed at the opportunity, where there is the presence of a leader and business team: creative, careful a nd moderate resources, integrative and holistic vision, in order to establish a balance between all the driving forces The entrepreneur is the main engine of capitalist economic development. According to Schumpeter the benefit of the employer is justified by being an innovative ability to create wealth. If the economic system is in equilibrium, all factors of production are paid according to their marginal productivity (Schumpeter,  1934) Characteristics of an Entrepreneur à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Entrepreneurship. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Vision and imagination creative and innovative. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Need for achievement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Perseverance and dedication. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Teamwork. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Comprehensive view of market needs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢leadership For example we can mention a current entrepreneur who gained a great market space: Andrew Mason, 29 years, is the creator of Groupon, the web coupons, which became successful with a simple innovative idea .One of the fastest growing compa nies in history, according to Forbes. After saying no to Google, which offered U.S. $6,000millions, they now have a value of U.S. $950 million.Its creator explains why the success of the company very simply: â€Å"We won a commission, customers pay less for the product and associated companies get a return on a large scale for their products and services.†(gruopon.com) Effectuation – Tool of Entrepreneurs

How do you imagine social interaction within 10 years, taking into Essay

How do you imagine social interaction within 10 years, taking into consideration the impact of technology on human relations - Essay Example This paper tends to shed light on how I imagine social interaction within 10 years to come. It is important to understand first what social interaction actually is. Social interaction means the connection between people that lends them a sense of belonging to each other (Doise & Palmonari 2011; Nash & Calonica 2010). It is the bond that makes people share their ideas, views, feelings, emotions, and sentiments with each other; and, this process becomes the basis of a strong society where people love and respect each other, and take care of each other in the hour of need. Physical presence of a person is part and parcel of healthy social interaction in which persons relate to each other by being physically present to address their needs and feelings. In the recent years, the concept of social interaction has totally changed. Today, we are connected to hundreds of friends in the online community, but we are oblivious of the person sitting next to us, who may be our parent, our spouse, o ur child, our neighbor, or a relative. We share pictures and ideas with hundreds of people online, but we give a damn about what the person feels or think who is sitting in the same room as ours. This discussion of change in social interaction as seen today forms the basis of how I imagine social interaction in 10 years to come. ... People will convey their feelings in the digital format- feelings that they could never have conveyed in person; however, this conveyance of feelings will lack the emotional touch of understanding and compassion. The basic essence of social interaction is talking, which is becoming void even today but will disappear totally in 10 years to come. Just like libraries, physical communication will vanish. Elderly will yearn to see their children offline; while, the latter will have no time to even turn on the Skype. In 10 years, people will start relying on technology to improve their ways of communication. People have already started realizing the fact that technology has snatched away their power of being physically present; and, the proof is the introduction of audio messaging, and video chats such as Skype and Facebook video chat. In coming years, the need of face interaction will be felt even more, which will make experts devise more sophisticated ways of improved communication. 4D e xperiences may be one example of improved means of communication, which cannot be imagined today. However, despite a loss in the sense of belonging to each other, social interaction has also seen much advancement too. It would be unfair to deny the pros of technological advancements that have come with internet, online services, and online social networks such as Facebook and Twitter. People stay connected to their social circle 24/7. I guess that in 10 years to come, there will be so many highly sophisticated tools and applications that will aid communication in an amazing way. Who knows the need for being physically present may vanish totally in 10 years? Did we know that we could have a

Applying People CMM to Your Organization-Part 1 Essay

Applying People CMM to Your Organization-Part 1 - Essay Example The company also recognized the need for a continuous improvement culture in order to sustain the process. Because of that, Toyota selects the brightest and best workers within the organization, from all levels, and challenges them to use their proposals and creativity to experiment and learn. This is a challenge that puts the workers through a constant problem solving state, and encourages them to grow in their jobs. Every specialty, for example; engineering, accounting, sales, service, and human resources, are equipped with skills which the company refines to achieve customer satisfaction. This continuous improvement culture could use people CMM for the company to achieve its targets (Toyota, 2014). Continuous improvement means the company will always have changing aims to meet. There should be a system of ensuring these aims are met, and this is where the people CMM come in. It provides staged improvements through which the organization’s culture can be changed. People CMM is a model of change that focuses on improving workforce practices. It has five levels of maturity, and these act as guidance through change. If Toyota, for example, wants to change the culture of the organization to a continuous improvement focused, it will make use of the maturity levels to meet its targets. The model describes an evolutionary process through which companies go through to achieve quality and effectiveness. Maturity levels determine the characteristics of the organization. Toyota, for example, already established a continuous improvement culture which it has to maintain. It means that the company has passed the initial level, the managed level, and the defined level. The initial level is all about the inconsistency of the practices. Toyota has a consistent practice of identifying the best skills, and guiding them through problem solving activities to develop new ideas

The Different Types of Marketing Strategies Research Paper

The Different Types of Marketing Strategies - Research Paper Example Here, the marketing personnel of any organisation comes in the picture as a foreground and is the backbone of the business. The way the organisation market its products and services make a direct impact on to the firm, its suppliers, its customers and all others that come under affection by the firm’s choices. In addition, marketing is another way of building and sustaining enduring relationships between buyers, sellers, and other parties. Creating, communicating, delivering, and exchange offers are a few of the courses of actions involved in the process of marketing. Nevertheless, a customer has always been a vital and salient entity for the business; therefore, customer value is the prime objective of marketing any product or service. Through marketing, the organisations make sure that the customers get value from the products or services that they are buying so that they can create brand loyalty for their products or services (Mercer, pp. 11-18, 1996). The effective marketi ng concepts make visible the vision of the marketers that they focus on letting people be acquainted with their products and services and win over them to buy or use it on a frequent or recurring basis. Here, the marketing strategy plays a substantial role as it shapes the overall business goals. In addition, the marketing strategy incorporates the business definition, account, or picture of products or services, a silhouette of target customers, and defines the company's role in affiliation to its competitors. Therefore, marketing strategy is a process that the marketers follow as it facilitates the firm in focusing and paying attention to their resources lying on the opportunities. An effective marketing strategy would not only boost the level of sales but could become a leading reason for gaining an edge over the competitors (pp. Pride &  Ferrell, pp. 29-30, 2006). According to the author Seema Gupta, â€Å"strategic marketing is best seen as an  ongoing and never-ending pro cess†.

Pateriarchy and Paternalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pateriarchy and Paternalism - Essay Example However, by the end of the American Revolution, most states in northern America had already done away with the practice, but in southern states, the institution of slavery was flourishing especially in the large plantations that formed the major economic mainstay of the regions (Allport, 1954, p41). In this respect, Southern states supported slavery while the northern states opposed the practice, resulting to the civil war that was eventually won by the Northern side. For long periods, historians and social researchers have delved on how the slaves related with their masters to ensure that they coexisted peacefully without undue conflicts in such a harsh and dehumanizing working environment. This paper discusses similarities between paternalism and patriarchy in context with slavery practice in the United States. Before discussing the similarities and differences between paternalism and patriarchy, it is important to consider the demographic composition of slaves in both the southern and northern parts of the country and then establish their working conditions. According to Allport (1954, p 47) a slave was a property of a master purchased to provide free and forced labor to the master in the plantations and at homes. Southern states in America and the Caribbean relied heavily on agriculture and large plantations of crops such as sugarcane and tobacco required intensive human labor. To ensure that slaves remained productive at their place of work, the white masters first applied patriarchy during the early periods of slavery and later adopted paternalism in 18th century (Oakes, 2010, 567) Patriarchy was a strict code that emphasized on obedience, discipline, control and severe punishment of the slaves towards their masters (Oakes, 2010, p573). However, patriarchy provided the slaves with protection, guardianship and reciprocal obligation. According to Altemeyer (1988, p 26), patriarchy defined the image of the slave owner and it set the standards of judging slav eholding among the white farmers. The transformation from patriarchy to paternalism in the 18th century was enhanced by the benevolent inclination of the slave-owners towards their black slaves. Consequently, the masters began expecting similar treatment from the slaves and their outlook towards the slaves became more sentimental (Oakes, 2010, p 575). In this regard, the masters tried to create the image of happy and contended slaves, who worked to get protection from their masters. In response to patriarchy, many slaves rebelled against their masters in attempts to resist the work and the harsh treatment. The slaves resisted by feigning sickness, sabotaging, stealing from the masters, arson, destroying tools, mistreating animals among other behaviors. Their resistance was mainly collective, structured to undermine the system in order to facilitate change or validate escape from slavery (Altemeyer, 1988, p 39). This occasionally resulted to revolts that were driven by a common sense of victimization. However, the revolts were not intended to change the structure or the balance of power but provided avenue for expression or execution of retribution directed at an individual but not on the larger system of power (Oakes, 2010, p 583). In this regard, the slaves’ revolts were not revolutionary since they lacked collective

To what extent do you believe that the RIPA 2000 balances Respect for Essay

To what extent do you believe that the RIPA 2000 balances Respect for Private Life with a Need to Protect the Public - Essay Example It is argued that the balance is in favour of protection of the public. The Right to Privacy In order to determine the extent to which the tensions between protection of the public and protection of the right to privacy are balanced in the context of online communications via RIPA, it is first necessary to analyse the legal framework relative to the right to privacy. ... However, where those exceptions exist such as the protection of the public or the prevention of crime, interference in the individual’s right to privacy must be according to law. In this regard, the European Court of Human Rights (EHR) ruled that any such laws or regulatory regime must be clear enough so that average citizens is aware that he or she does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the circumstances allowing state interference in private life.6 Obviously where an individual engages in certain activities in public, there can be no reasonable expectation of privacy.7 Obviously online communications are activities conducted in public and thus there should be no reasonable expectation of privacy, thus no breach of Article 8(1).8 Even so, the European Court of Human Rights has held that the mere fact that activities are conducted in public does not automatically mean that there can be no reasonable expectation of privacy.9 It therefore follows that if an activit y is conducted in public and there is a reasonable expectation of privacy, the protection of privacy as provided for under Article 8 of the ECHR will arise. Online communications can be regarded as public activities but can raise complex questions as to whether or not there is a reasonable expectation of privacy. For example, posting in a public forum online or blogging are probably as public as an individual carrying a â€Å"banner† in public can reasonably expect for it to be read by almost anyone.10 Complicating matters for online communications relative to a reasonable expectation of privacy, online users often have several tools available to them for â€Å"restricting access.†11 On the other hands, there are instances in online communications where the user obviously has a

Advanced management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Advanced management accounting - Essay Example They cannot control costs well without preparations the statements that reconcile expected revenue and expenditure with budgeted figures. In this regard, the paper aims at preparing a statement giving the budgeted, actual, and variances. The information above reveals that L10 has a favorable variance because the actual expenditure is less than the budgeted amount whereas L17 has an adverse variance sine the actual number exceeded the budgeted expenditure. The quantity put into books may not be the same as the one sold. It is due to favorable or unfavorable operating conditions. In obtaining the variance, the actual amount sold is subtracted from the standard number. The result is multiplied with the standard selling price. The information of Geeta plc allowed the calculation below in determining the sales volume variance. Labour cost variance has been given a definition by Drury (2008) as the difference between the actual labour cost incurred and the budgeted cost. It is made up of labour rate variance and labour efficiency variance. The employees in an organization may take more hours in completing tasks than what the budget allowed. Conversely, the conditions may allow the workers to spend less time in completing the activities assigned to them. Either way, the variance arises. It is calculated by finding the difference between the time allocated in the budget and the real time taken at standard wage rate (Lucey, 2002). In every organization, decision making process requires certain information. The crucial information involves cost analysis. The costs have different behavior, and it becomes necessary for management accountants to prepare cost reports allowing efficient management of costs. The statements categorize costs. In doing so, the managers are able to identify relevant and irrelevant costs. Lucey (2002) defines relevant cost as the one that can

Conception of Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Conception of Curriculum Essay Curriculum is a Latin word, which means the way, which takes a person to his/ her goal. Every nation has an ideology, which becomes the basis of educational planning. The Curriculum defines the way of transforming educational planning into practical implementation through which the enables a nation becomes to achieve its ideological goals. Hence curriculum is the way through which a nation can achieve its aims. Different educational institutions and organisations also achieve their aims through curriculum. Although teachers, premises, resources and facilities have their own value in educational process, but the curriculum has the central position in the education of students. Curriculum is not only a source of fulfilment of national aims but also it serves the purpose of training and educating needs of individuals. The Ancient Concept of Curriculum: Firstly, the concept of curriculum was restricted to class and school. According to ancient concept of curriculum it was a combination of few subjects. According to this concept the students were required to study and learn few books in order to get them educated. Although it is against the observation and experience because by learning the subjects by heart neither the notions of concentration and creativity can be established nor the characteristics of In The Curriculum Bobbitt writes as follows: The central theory [of curriculum] is simple. Human life, however varied, consists in the performance of specific activities. Education that prepares for life is one that prepares definitely and adequately for these specific activities. However numerous and diverse they may be for any social class they can be discovered. This requires only that one go out into the world of affairs and discover the particulars of which their affairs consist. These will show the abilities, attitudes, habits, appreciation and forms of knowledge that men need. These will be the objectives of the curriculum. They will be numerous, definite and particularized. The curriculum will then be that series of experiences which children and youth must have by way of obtaining those objectives. (1918: 42) It is helpful to consider these ways of approaching curriculum theory and practice in the light of Aristotles influential categorization of knowledge into three disciplines: the theoretical, the productive and the practical. The modern conception on curriculum includes not only the books but also the activities which are organised in order to educate the students. Students take part in different activities and undertake different experiments. Hence its brings changes in the behaviour of students which is the real essence of education. It includes all those activities, †¢ which completes the superior educational objectives, †¢ also align education with practical life, †¢ Coordinate between society and education institution. †¢ Prepare students according to present era and circumstances. †¢ guarantees the progress of individual society. †¢ align the mental, psychological, economical, social practical aspects. Therefore according to the modern definition of curriculum, Curriculum is defined as a complete struggle, which is designed to achieve predetermined aims inside outside the school or educational institution. According to the encyclopedia of education research curriculum is regarded as those experiments, which are used by school in order to aid the process of education. Hence curriculum is the way through which we guide our generation in order to achieve prescribed aims objectives. Modern education gives central position to the student rather than teacher. The needs, wishes and psychological desires of students are fulfilled. Social norms and values are given central position in modern curriculum. Since a good, balanced and flexible curriculum is the best representative of society. Philosophical foundations: Educational curriculum and national ideology go hand in hand with each other. National philosophy gives rise to individual identity. When this philosophy becomes the foundation of education, the new generation gets enriched with these national characteristics. Curriculum designing addresses the questions such as what is the goal of our life and how it can be aligned with our curriculum. What is the opinion of the people of the nation regarding the whole world. What are the values of the society and which of these values are permanent and which of them are temporary. Which of these values should be natured by the educational institution where education is just aimed at educating students or has other utilities. Should the curriculum be aligned with the religion or the religion should be kept separated from curriculum. Should the curriculum depict the regional values or consist of universal values. Which subjects should be made compulsory in the secondary education and which the students should be kept under considerations or the national and social necessities should be taken as central point. Psychological foundations: Psychology and education has deep relation ship psychology is the science of human behavior. It explains the human behavioral in different circumstances. Through countless experiments psychologists have divided human development into different grades. Every grade has its own characteristics and necessities. For the better growth of children all these requirements should be fulfilled because the human brain develops in different levels. The beginning experiences are reflex in nature. In order to develop the co-ordination with the circumstances the child increases his educational level. Hence his psychological development takes place in different levels. Therefore it is necessary to keep the psychological needs and desires of the child in consideration while designing a curriculum. References Bobbitt, F. (1918) The Curriculum, Boston: Houghton Mifflin

The Impact of School-Based Health Promotion

The Impact of School-Based Health Promotion Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine effectiveness and influence of Public health campaigns and health information centers in schools. The impact of the public health promotion in schools required an in depth research in which the aim was to investigate how the public health promotion can affect the lifestyle of children which is a life saving factor and due to which many fatal diseases can be avoided. It started by discussing the background of the topic and then goes onto answer specific research questions. The research methodologies will be used and includes a dedicated portion of findings and analysis. The study will be concluded by providing recommendations and devising solutions to problems. The public health care promotion includes various campaigns with the co-operation of WHO. This research study has concentrated on the most broad diseases particularly basic amongst youths, the schools, are the place such infections are the destined to take an ascent. The adjustments in the medicinal services advancement every now and then will be examined in subtle element. In the last part of the paper, the most convenient methods of public health campaigns will be discussed along with its benefits and its concussion on children’s health. INTRODUCTION This chapter will be presenting an overview of the research project. Specifically, the problem statement will be discusse, the background of the research along with the significance of the study. Furthermore, the research aims and objectives and research questions will also be identified in this very chapter. The primary target of this examination will be on discovering the effect of the general wellbeing advancement in schools among kids; therefore, the problem statement of this study revolves around †The Impact of the school-based Health Promotion on children’s lifestyle† Background The health promotion and security of children is necessary for the glorious fate of the country. The betterment of the young children is a complex endeavor. It obliges the joined endeavors of the establishments alongside the societal segments. The inclusion of parents, family, schools, media, government organizations, human services experts, postsecondary foundations and the youths themselves is very important. They are responsible to give the support by means of environment and open doors for the better development of the children. The adolescence is the period of life in which the social, mental and the physical changes happen from early age to the middle age. The youths are the significant bit of the UK populace. They are experiencing numerous muddled circumstances. The prosperity of young people speaks to the great soundness of the entire populace. Consequently, it is essential for the parents, educators and social insurance experts to grasp the hugeness of pre-adult wellbeing. T here are a few components that require the direction keeping in mind the end goal to mitigate from the lives of youths. These conditions incorporate smoking, substance ill-use, self-destructive endeavors and pregnancy in the high school. Teenagers need the support of the family, teachers and health awareness suppliers in regards to every issue. Peoples way of life and lifestyle has been going through continuous changes, for instance, the life expectancy even in the UK at birth in 1891 was 44-48yrs and 74-80 by 1996 (ONS, 1996). This reflects the blend of a mixed variety of veridical and coordinated essential human services including general health and health promotion. It is fascinating to realize that way of life difficulties – smoking, liquor, high school or eating regimen have been always appraised as most responsible to make individuals health disintegrate basically in heart disease and cancer (Ashton and Seymour, 1993). It is therefore vital to address health promotion and general health mediations identified with changing individual ways of life and behavioral change towards health. Goddard (1995) note that smoking amongst kids (11-15) have been consistently raised i.e from 8% (in 1988) to 12% (in 1994). Since 1986s international union of Child’s health, the idea of health promotion has been set up to ch ange people groups social insurance behavior and practice. As MacBride (2003) says that health promotion alludes to the co-ordinated cooperation of staff and authoritative interests in the boosting of educational, advisory and policy advances relevant to health maintenance and improvement in quality of life (p.3) – in other sense this is basically an endeavors catching both parts of health policy and educational interests. In this context, Katz, D. L., O’Connell (2005) contends that anticipation through instruction, instead of relief, was the most beneficent and efficient course (p.54) From the global point of view, it is imperative to highlight the importance of health promotion report of Lalonde of 1974 ie A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians – this has been considered as a first time the government condemning biomedical medicinal services system, appears to be unseemly to promote individuals health and forestall ailments or disease as he proposes social insurance intercessions ought to be coordinated instead of veridical methodology. He recommends that weakness could be tested by coordinating four components human science; nature; way of life; and the association of health awareness ought to be set up to get enduring change people groups medicinal services learning and practice (Bunton and Macdonald 1982). Since the Alma-Ata statement in 1978 and development of Ottawa Charcher in 1986 and HFA by the year 2000 (WHO, 1985), numerous health advancement activities have been occurred over the world – mainly focused on societal structures (Naidoo and Wills, 1994). In the meantime, a few reports highlight the part of people’s responsibilities and practices for making healthy (DHSS, 1976 ; SHHD, 1977). It is thus critical to perceive – promoting healthy way of life through changing environment variables (Lalonde, 1974), centering public health mediation –more on societal model as opposed to institutional-based social insurance model (McKeown, 1971; Naidoo and Wills, 1994) through support and preparation of individuals at diverse levels or divisions (Ottawa Charter, 1986). The essential argument here is numerous health issues including sicknesses would be overseen or averted if the public assume more greater liability for controlling their own particular healthy ways of life (Department of Health, 1987). School health promotion has been utilized as a global health promotion system as it is inarguably the most supportive platform fot the intiation of children’s healthcare. WHO reports (2014) that 1:2 youngsters are dying of tobacco related diseases, 5% of all fatalities between the ages of 15 and 29 are owing to liquor use, and > 60% of all new HIV infections happened inside of the same age-groups. Furthermore, The social overview of England 2009 reported that youngsters matured 11 to 15 are more inclined to smoke, try liquor or take drugs. WHO (2014) in this way contends that compelling school health promotion would not just be taken as savvy interests in any countries but also enhance education and health of children and their guardians by avoiding the main causes of premature death, disease and other disorders (cardiovascular ailment, tumor, long-term lung diseases, depression, violence, substance ill-use, wounds, malnutritiion, HIV/AIDS/STI and helminth infections). The health reforms are a chance to enhance the procurement of excellent health support for school-age kids yet there is restricted or disperse evidence of school-based health advancement with respect to children’s ways of life. This study along these lines intends to figure out to what degree the school-based health promotion affect in light of youngsters way of life mostly on teenage pregnancy, smoking and alcohol use under the systematic review. Governmental issues and political approaches assume an important part in advancing health and medical professionals have significant influence in the promotion of health. They are seen as agents who identify and advise the students or children for their health benefits. The past records show that absence of information and aptitudes in the territories of general health promotion, variability in general health, no emphasis on populace and no coordinated effort between associations are major factors responsible for ignorance. This can be improved further by understanding the behavior of the related population, as well as their standards and societies and the predominant financial conditions. However, The key points covered in this research and that are the most common problems among youngsters are: †¢Alcohol utilization. †¢Dietary practices. †¢Drug abuse. †¢Hygiene. †¢Depression. †¢Physical action. †¢Teenage pregnancy. †¢Sexual practices. †¢Tobacco utilization. †¢Violence. Health promotion address both essential and auxiliary reasons for a health awareness issue. These battles are significant for the awareness in the overall population and minimizing the spread of issues. At whatever point a social insurance crisis emerges, medicinal services suppliers are in charge of beginning mediations. After the beginning intervention, the health awareness expert assesses the emergency and presents his or her thought to confine such emergency later on. Health promotion models chip away at recognizable proof, history, consequences of a human services issue and have an objective result for the crusade. The UK government has dispatched various health promotion for current health issues. Some of these advancements are for smoke cessation, cancer, child obesity, substance abuse and drinking issues. Case in point, the legislature has reacted to the countrys more than once reported drug issue with a methodology on Decreasing substance abuse among youngsters (Becker, AE, Roberts AL, 2010). The policy highlights the problem by giving statistics of substance abuse related hospital admissions and deaths amongst youngsters. The policy aims to build awareness on harmful impacts of drug abuse on families’ lives, and ultimately compel them to overcome their bad habit. Purpose of the Study This research seeks to look into the general health in school going kids, ranging from 11-15. The significance of this study is to identify the impact of school-based health promSotion in children and the factors that can improve their health and wellbeing through campaigns and other promotions. It seeks to answer whether the public health promotion has created a concussion on the school going children and an insight on what ways the children have been affected. This research work will actually help to investigate the dynamics of public health promotion which is supported by several references and guided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Research Aims Objectives The aims and objectives of any research work facilitate the researcher in finding the most relevant and accurate information and eventually drawing out the conclusion. However, the main aim of this study was to assess the impact of the School-based Health Promotion in children Following are the objectives of this study: To investigate the dynamics of School-based health promotion. To examine the impact of School-based health promotion. To gain an insight into the importance of health promotion especially among adolescents, lack of research in this area and the rate with which the diseases are spreading. To summarize findings and make recommendations. Research Questions The research questions of the study basically narrow down the research and help the researcher to achieve the aims and objectives of the research work. Hence, following are the research questions of this study: How the schools and other institutes are bringing improvement in the promotion of the health campaigns and raising awareness amongst school going children, evaluate under the light of WHO and International health standards? The benefits of raising school-based public health awareness and spaces of improvement in this domain? Evaluate the present statistics and compare with the previous statistics of public health awarensess and present new ideas for campaigns that can help eradicate the most common diseases amongst youngsters? Clarify the role of local government and how can the government help raise the awareness? References Becker, AE, Roberts AL, Perloe AB, Asenaca R, Lauren K, Gilman SE, Striegel-Moore RH. Youth health-risk behavior assessment in Fiji: The reliability of Global School-based Student Health Survey content adapted for ethnic Fijian girls. Ethnicity Health 15(2): 181-197, 2010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20234961. Duncan, C., Jones, K., Moon, G. (1996). Health-related behaviour in context: a multilevel modelling approach.Social Science Medicine,42(6), 817-830. Katz, D. L., O’Connell, M., Yeh, M. C., Nawaz, H., Njike, V., Anderson, L. M., Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2005). Public health strategies for preventing and controlling overweight and obesity in school and worksite settings.MMWR Recomm Rep,54(2). Kickbusch, I. (2003). The contribution of the World Health Organization to a new public health and health promotion.American journal of public health,93(3), 383-388. Macdonald, G., Bunton, R. (1992). Discipline or disciplines?.Health promotion: Disciplines and diversity, 6. McBride, C. M., Emmons, K. M., Lipkus, I. M. (2003). Understanding the potential of teachable moments: the case of smoking cessation.Health education research,18(2), 156-170. Michell, L., Amos, A. (1997). Girls, pecking order and smoking.Social Science Medicine,44(12), 1861-1869. Naidoo, J., Wills, J. (2000).Health promotion: foundations for practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. St Leger, L. (2001). Schools, health literacy and public health: possibilities and challenges.Health promotion international,16(2), 197-205..

Essay --

The start of any evolutionary story told about us lies within the origin of the eukaryote cell. This remarkable event consisted of a revolution of cell type matched in momentousness by the arrival on the biological scene of the prokaryote (O’Malley). Bacteria had a couple billion years head start on eukaryotes and have given rise to many biochemical processes that are essential to the ecosystem (Wernergreen). One organism living within another defines endosymbiosis. Nobody can say the exact origin of the eukaryote cell. The endosymbiosis theory dates back to the earliest 20th century and devotion to different models of its origins is strong and adamant (O’Malley). This theory was developed from the combined efforts of many different researchers. Together, Konstantin Mereschkowsky, Boris Mikhaylovich Kozo-Polyansky, Ivan Wallin, and Lynn Margulis are the main researchers whom coined the term â€Å"symbiogenesis† referring to the long term, or permanent physical association between â€Å"differently named partners† (taxa), or the genesis of new species through the merging of two or more existing species (Margulis). Endosymbiosis and symbiogenesis define hypothetical theories thought to justify the origin of species in addition to the processes of natural selection and random mutation. B.M. Kozo-Polyansky and Lynn Margulis, who very much admired Kozo-Polyansky’s work, both believed symbiogenesis was the major source of innovation for evolution (Margulis). The most well known of the first speculations about the origin of organelles, was Mereschkowsky. He primarily studied the chloroplast and was the first to suggest they were obtained initially from unicellular organisms that had been â€Å"enslaved† as endosymbionts. However, his theory was turned ... ...hemical energy from cyanobacteria (the only bacteria that can perform photosynthesis) 2.4 billion years ago (Wernergreen). The first chloroplast came into being about one billion years ago when a single-celled protist and a cyanobacterium came together through endosymbiosis, and this first photosynthesizing eukaryotic lineage was the ancestor of land plants, green algae, and red algae. Cyanobacteria and algae endosymbionts have spread photosynthetic capabilities in such a broad range (Wernergreen). In other words, heterotrophic prokaryote cells had taken in autotrophic photosynthetic bacteria cells. The ingested cell continued to provide glucose and oxygen by photosynthesis. The host cell protected as well as provided carbon dioxide and nitrogen for the engulfed cell and overtime both cells lost the aptitude to survive without each other (Weber and Osteryoung).

The Search for Wisdom Essay -- essays research papers

The Search for Wisdom Wisdom, as defined in the dictionary, is "the sum of learning through the ages; knowledge". Plato's Socrates indicates that wisdom is the acknowledgement of ignorance. This statement may be hard to prove as true. If a deaf and dumb man came to realize that he knew nothing, because he is not able to learn it, does this make him wise? I do not believe so. Then, if a prominent professor who has studied for years and has learned many things, comes to believe that he is ignorant to the true ways of the world, does that make him wise? Possibly so. So, what is the difference here? The difference is knowledge. I believe, and the dictionary points to the fact that, one must contain a great deal of knowledge to be wise. In Apology, Socrates says that "What is probable, gentlemen, is the fact that the god is wise and that his oracular response meant that human wisdom is worth little or nothing..." This statement comes from Socrates after he has searched Athens for a person that was wise. It may be true that his god was wise, as gods are usually all-knowing beings. But what makes a god wise? It must be his knowledge of all earthly things. Then, why is human wisdom worth little or nothing? It may seem like human wisdom is worth little or nothing in comparison with the wisdom of the gods, though in comparison to other humans, why should human wisdom be worth little or nothing? I believe...

Confucius Essay -- Confucius Philosophy

As Confucius' philosophy still remains in the heart of many Chinese people, his images of the greatest professional teacher of all time, the greatest philosopher in Chinese history and his influence toward the future and the past 2000 years of Chinese civilization has made his thought the essence of the Chinese culture. He always said the importance of teaching could change the future of the civilization. And he also encouraged his students to explore the various things to learn, but be very selective and careful. The purpose of Confucius' teaching was practical and designed to help each person improve his character and conduct, and perhaps become prepared for an official position in the court. According to one passage in the Analects, Confucius taught four things: culture, conduct, loyalty, and truthfulness.1 Culture consisted of literature and music. Confucius suggested the value of each: "Let a man be stimulated by poetry, established in character by the rules of propriety, and perfected by music. â€Å" These pursuits were means by which one may achieve the higher ideal of following the Way.†2 The gentleman extensively studies literature and restrains himself with the rules of propriety. Thus he will not violate the Way. "3 And also " Set your heart upon the Way. Support yourself by its virtue. Rely on goodness. Find recreation in the arts."4 Confucius put the moral duties before the arts as the essential activities of the gentleman. "A young man's duty is to behave well to his parents at home and to in love to all, and to cultivate the friendship of the good. If, when all that is done, he has any energy to spare, then let him study the cultural arts."5 Confucius taught many topics around these subjects, but the most importance of these is the propriety, ritual and the Way of being a Gentleman. From these to achieve the Jen. Confucius had one overwhelming message: if we are to achieve a state of orderliness and peace, we need to return to traditional values of virtue. These values are based entirely on one concept: Jen, which is best, translated as "humaneness." This humaneness is a relatively strange concept to Western people, because it is not primarily a practicable virtue. The rules of propriety offered a code of accepted behaviour that demonstrated to themselves and others tha... ...ragement of personality development will never be forget. As the Chinese people and the world stepping into the next millennium, Confucius will be in the minds of many people, as they think of the greatest teacher in Chinese history. Bibliography Notes 1. Analects 7.24 Cf. A. Waley, The Analects of Confucius (London, 1938) 2. 2. Analects 8.8 3. Analects 6.25 4. 4. Analects 7.6 5. 5. Analects 1.6 6. 6. Analects 1.12 7. 7. Analects 8.2 8. 8. Analects 3.4 9. Analects 6.16 10. Analects 3.18 11. Analects 13.5 12. Analects 13.13 13. Analects 15.32 14. Analects 8.13 15. Analects 12.19 16. Analects 14.8 17. Analects 1.5 18. Analects 17.23 19. Analects 2.15 20. Analects 9.24 21. Analects 16.4 22. Analects 16.5 23. Analects 3.3 Confucius, Raymond Dawson (Oxford University Press, 1981) 24. Analects 12.1 Confucius, Raymond Dawson (Oxford University Press, 1981) 25. Analects 17.9 26. Analects 3.23 27. Lin Yutang, Wisdom of Confucius, p.81-82 28. 28. Ibid. p.82 29. 29. Ibid. p.83 30. 30. Ibid. p.67-68 31. Hsu, Cho-Yun, Ancient China in Transition p.161,163 32. 32. Analects 12.4 33. 33. Analects 16.7 34. 34. Analects 16.10

Why alcohol should not be legal?

Why alcohol should not be legal 1 Why alcohol should not be legal Delono Walker Devry University April 10, 2011 Why alcohol should not be 2 In the 1920’s during world war one, the churches mostly Protestants began to lobby against the sales of alcohol: in order to slow crime and domestic abuse. Furthermore many saloons or bars were selling German products. On January 16, 1919 the lobbyist won and under the Eighteenth Amendment prohibition was created and made legal. Unfortunately it didn’t last long since bootleggers were now creating their own spirits.The bootleggers were becoming wealthy by selling illegal spirits and the States were becoming more, and more unable to police them. Crime rates were rising to new heights as the bootleggers formed mobs and syndicates gaining control of the streets. In the year 1933 prohibition was repealed, congress felt that it would weaken organized crime as well as be used to generate moneys through taxation. In my opinion this shows t hat people became desperate during the Great Depression for Alcohol. Just like marijuana, coke, and heroin: the government made a drug illegal and people found a way to obtain it.In my opinion our society feels that there is a need for it and they are right. Alcohol is a drug that stimulates economic growth and development, but not with out consequences. People have different reasons for abusing alcohol. Drinking Alcohol has many consequences. I have personally seen the effects of alcohol abuse. Alcohol should be illegal, because it is a drug that can ruin many lives, can cause mental illness, and causes crime rates to increase like other drugs. People have different reasons for abusing alcohol.Many people drink socially, while others binge drink. A person might want to take the edge off by drinking a few beers. Alcohol has become a household drug. It is served at parties and at dinners. The majority of people drink in order to enjoy themselves, however many people drink for the wro ng reasons, such as drinking to forget your problems which results in abuse. Drinking alcohol has many consequences. Alcohol also leads to physical ailments such as hypertension. If a drinker continues a pattern of binge drinking he/she might become a victim of heart disease.Alcohol also causes jaundice, which is caused by cirrhosis of the liver, as well as cause kidney damage. It can cause families to break apart. It can cause people to lose their jobs and homes. Alcohol increases chances for communicable disease. There are many people in prison, because of choices made while drinking. According to Crime in America’s statistics â€Å"drugs and alcohol implicated in 78 percent of violent crimes†(Crime in America, 2010 ). Alcohol should be illegal, because it is a drug that can ruin many lives. Thousands of people have lost love ones due hospitalization and car wrecks. According to NHTSA, 35 percent of all traffic deaths occurred in crashes in which at least one driver or non occupant had a BAC of 0. 08 percent or more and that any alcohol was present in 41 percent of all fatal crashes in 2002. †(Hingson & Micheal, 2003; Hanson) Sadly it’s not always the user that is harmed; many accidents involve pedestrians, or passengers. Furthermore drinking has long term effects, it can kill someone quickly, or slowly. â€Å"In 2006 a total of 22,073 persons died of alcohol-induced causes in the United States† (Annual causes of death in the United States, 2011 para 6) Alcohol can increase the chances of mental illness.People who suffer from anxiety or depression tend to self medicate. The user only feels a deeper feeling ofanxiety or depression, so they drink more only building a tolerance. This is known as the Vicious Circle. â€Å"Moderate doses of alcohol, nicotine, or caffeine can induce psychotic symptoms in a person with schizophrenia, and small amounts of marijuana, cocaine, or other drugs can precipitate prolonged psychotic relaps es. † (Drake, 1994 para 2) People with mental illness are more vulnerable to the affects of alcohol.This is the concept behind the idea of Dual Disorder: a patient has two defined diseases. Normal people have been noted to gain mental issues from drug abuse, while people with mental problems gain drugs abuse. Many people that abuse alcohol are prone to have relationship issues. Problems controlling finances, and working their job. These contribute to an individuals need to medicate. Considering that alcohol is a depressant, in individuals that suffer from depression spirits can lead to suicide. An estimated five million of the 32 million people 65 and older suffer from depression. Russel, 2007 para 2) The chances of suicide due to drinking increases with age, because of the responsibilities that come with age. Alcohol seems to be a tool for people to evacuate the everyday life. Alcohol increases crime rates just like other drugs. There are however casual drinkers that just hav e a drink on occasion. The regular social drinkers that don’t abuse alcohol and treat it as a privilege, should they be punished for what others have, and are doing? Honestly I don’t feel as though they should. Alcohol generates money for our Government by State Tax.So why not make other drugs legal? Our Government will then be able to generate money by taxing Marijuana. It’s the same as what was happening during the prohibition: prohibited drugs are still being used without regulation and criminals are making money from it. Drug related crime on our streets can possibly be slowed by making certain drugs legal: certain dealers would no longer be able to supply if people got those drugs from a local store or pharmacy. That is why crime is lower in places like Northern California, were marijuana has been made legal in some parts.As I stated prior it seems that people are going out of their way to obtain the drug that suits them and that’s why alcohol is a d rug like the rest. I have personally seen the effects of alcohol abuse. While being a member of the Armed Forces, my associates, and I would often go to bars. While there we would go on all night binges and drink until the bar closed. One particular night we were out drinking and having a good time. One of my friends got completely intoxicated, although he was able to handle is liquor, so we didn’t see how bad off he was. We drove home and left him the car to take with him.He made it four blocks before he called us. We found him hanging on the side of a fence and the car had crashed into the side of a facility. He needed medical attention, but he didn’t want to go, because that meant discharge from the Service. So the guys and I called the local authorities and they picked him up. I wonder if he realizes that he could’ve died that night. Why alcohol should not be legal 3 References Annual causes of death in the United States. (2011). Retrieved 04 02, 2011, from http://www. drugwarfacts. org/cms/node/30 Crime in America. (2010 , march 3). Retrieved from Crime in America. Net:

Functional Leadership Model in Healthcare Essay

The traditional leadership model focuses on three main areas which are looked at to be the core areas of leadership; task, individual, and team (Al-Touby, 1). Our text does not cover the traditional leadership model but, it does cover the path-goal leadership theory which in some sense relates to both the traditional leadership model and the functional result-oriented healthcare model. The path-goal theory focuses on the effectiveness for a leader to create high productivity and morale in a given situation (DuBrin, 147). In the path-goal theory it is important that the manager pick a style of leadership that focuses on the characteristics of the team and the demand for the task. In the traditional leadership style there is more emphasis on one core area over another; where in the path-goal leadership theory there is no emphasis on either. The path-goal theory lays the objective out in black and white. The path-goal theory is/ would be an effective leadership model for healthcare, how ever adapting it more closely to any organization would make it more effective and efficient. The main objective that can never be forgotten with healthcare is the patient’s outcome; if the outcome is lost, the leader, the team, and the task have failed. The Oman Medical Journal has perfected a leadership model specifically for healthcare facilities. The journal only compares the new healthcare model to the traditional leadership model however; it could also be compared with the characteristics of the path-goal leadership theory. If a healthcare facility focuses primarily on their individual staff characteristics, the facility will risk the possibility of losing sight of the patient’s needs (Al-Touby, 1). In any medical profession all employees are there for one reason, the patient’s service. With that being said, individual characteristics are not exactly the main concern in the healthcare leadership model. Moving on to having the task be the priority of the functional model; the task by itself remains incomplete until the patient recovers from the medical condition or the disease is managed (Al-Touby, 1-2). One patient is a task for too many people, but each employee contributes to the outcome of the patient. Lastly, healthcare leaders cannot only focus on the team, because the team has not completed the task until the patient recovers or the disease is managed. The team is combined of the individuals and the task but, in healthcare none of those elements need priority over another. Healthcare teams can work hard and be efficient and still be ineffective (Al-Touby, 2). In healthcare effectiveness must always be the goal over efficient teamwork. These examples and reasons are why the Oman Medical Journal decided to add the fourth element results or patient outcomes; and they refer to the modification as the â€Å"functional results-oriented leadership model†(Al-Touby, 3). No matter how perfect the healthcare team is; no matter how motivated the care staff is; no matter how well the care procedures are articulated and practiced, the yardstick of good healthcare leadership is patient outcomes, the results of care. (Al-Touby, 4) The functional leadership model is based on three core areas in leadership; task, individuals, and teams. All of these are important in effective leadership, however, the modified theory; functional-orientated leadership fits my lifestyle more precise. Working in healthcare and pursuing a profession in healthcare administration I can see how the typical functional leadership model does not fit the healthcare world. Patient care is the main focal point of every move made in the medical field; focusing more precisely on one of the three elements in the typical model could easily distract a leader in losing focal point on the patient’s result/outcome. Making the result the center of the three elements works. The organization I work at now uses the functional-orientated leadership model, and all our policies are based around this model. Patient’s safety and wellbeing is always priority. References Al-Touby, S. (2012). Functional Results-Oriented Healthcare Leadership: A Novel Leadership Model. Oman Medical Journal, 27(2), 104-107. doi:10. 5001/omj.2012.22 DuBrin, Andrew J. (2013). Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills. Mason: South-Western.